The massive heatwave that hit Europe in late June may have subsided but the extreme temperatures have been acting as a wake-up call (after heat-induced fatigue waned). Residents and leaders got the message that the realities of global warming have now squarely arrived on a continent that so far viewed itself either as having a moderate climate or being well-adjusted to summer heat.

As cities like Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Prague saw temperatures above or close to 40° Celcius (104° Fahrenheit) in heat events statistically only happening every 100 years, questions of adequate infrastructure, public health preparedness and of course the European lack of air conditioning arose quickly.

A report released in April by the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service and the World Meteorological Organization identified Europe as the world’s fastest-warming continent, coming in only behind the landmass-less Arctic region. According to the research, climate change is supercharged in Europe because of shifting atmospheric circulation patterns bringing in more hot weather, but also due to Europe’s relatively clean air, which has fewer particles reflecting sunlight back into space.

Over the past 30 years, Europe has shown a warming trend of +0.56 °Celsius per decade. This compares to +0.46 °Celsius in Asia, +0.42 °Celsius in North America and +0.36 °Celsius in Africa. The global landmass as a whole exhibited a warming trend of +0.4 °Celsius per decade over the given time period.

Some early estimates propose that 20,000 Europeans may have died due to the heat just between June 22 and June 28, as very old, but also very young people who are not helped to handle the heat are very vulnerable to it. Europe is in fact one of the continents where heat-related deaths have been rising the fastest over the past decades. This is due to its quick warming and also its aging population.

Air conditioning — so far more sparse in Europe than on other continents — is a solution experts believe can effectively lower heat-related deaths. However, opinions on the continent on it still differ, with some calling it inefficient and perpetuating rather than aiding the climate crisis. While conditioned air is a quick fix for overheating populations, AC can also make cities even hotter as warm air pumped outside. The technology also contributes 4% to global greenhouse gas emissions. This is comparable to the effect aviation has , making air conditioning a cause and a solution for the same problem.

This contradiction is a cause for contention in much of Western Europe. Reports show that in France, it has developed into a full-blown culture war issue, with politicians on the left and the right framing the question of air conditioning as part of their larger agendas. The leftist mayor of Paris on the occasion of the latest heatwave attacked American standpoints on air conditioning, saying that the United States as a major contributor to climate change was irresponsible and not a role model. The leader of France’s far-right opposition, Marine Le Pen, meanwhile said that is was “absurd” to have people die of the heat if there was solutions and vowed to put in place a air conditioning plan if elected to office.

Air conditioning will make inroads into Europe as climate change progresses and sensible solutions are needed for places likes schools, hospitals, public transit and the like. However, the reluctance that some on the continent feel towards the technology, may it be because of unfamiliarity or environmental concerns, can hopefully be turned into support for alternative cooling methods also. These include actively cooling, but low-energy set-ups like solar-powered, public air-conditioned zones, as well as passive cooling solutions, incorporating shading from trees and structures, water features, reflective as well as light-colored surfaces and ventilated spaces.

Heat pump technology that is making inroads in Europe can also cool spaces with less energy, as can lesser-known technologies like water-chilled beams or desiccant cooling systems . All of these approaches are keeping with the continent’s ethos of finding energy and cost-effective solutions that fit its highly-regulated environmental standards.